There is a trend throughout Latin America of increasingly using militaries to carry out law enforcement duties. In the case of Brazil, the government is using established Military Police to carry out these duties instead of directly sending in the army, and politicians, citizens and analysts have begun calling for demilitarization of the country's law enforcement.
Each state in Brazil has two distinct police units -- the Civil Police and the Military Police (PM). The PM is responsible for maintaining public order and immediately responding to crimes, while the Civil Police carry out investigations, detective work and forensics. Although the PMs are military-trained and also army reserve troops, they report to their state governments, not the Ministry of Defense. There are about 400,000 active PM members and 123,400 active members of the Civil Police.
This article originally appeared in Just the Facts. See original here
The debate on the demilitarization of the military police in the country is not new. Part of the legacy of Brazil's dictatorship from 1964 to 1985, the military police emerged as a solution through the extinction of the Public Force and Civil Guard. After the 1964 coup, the new government abandoned the idea of creating a single, civilian police and implemented a military model.
Today, almost all urban policing in Brazil is done by military police attached to the governments of each state, and the country remains the only one in the world to have a police force that operates out of military barracks.
The issue of demilitarizing the police has reentered the debate in Brazil after several recent episodes of PM violence against demonstrators and journalists during the massive protests that swept the country in June.
SEE ALSO: Brazil Profile
A recent article in BBC Brasil, Como desmilitarizar a polícia no Brasil?, examined this issue. Here are some key points and quotes from the article:
Logistical problems:
Analysts polled by BBC Brasil claim that one of the main problems of having two separate police forces is that neither carries out all responsibilities in any criminal occurrence -- the PM holds a suspect who has just committed a crime and turns them over to the Civil Police, which starts investigating and reports the crime to the justice sector. However, this division of responsibility and sometimes overlap of tasks inhibits coordination and cooperation.
In addition, both police forces have units with similar responsibilities -- investigation and patrol. In most states, the division of responsibility is blurred, creating competition and lack of cooperation between the two bodies, according to the researchers.
Ideological problems:
For Coronel Ibis Pereira, head of the sub-directorate of teaching for Rio de Janeiro's military police, "militarization" is defined more by how a force views its target and less by a military structure: "It's to see a favela and identify it as a territory that has to be conquered. To see the criminal faction as an enemy that needs to be confronted with bullets," he says. "But we are facing criminals that have rights and guarantees."
"The military is prepared to defend the country. It is a different methodology than is necessary to deal with the Brazilian people," according to lawmaker Chico Lopes. "Some military police treat people as if they were enemies. The police have to have a social role, more humane and civilian."
A survey by BBC Brasil on police killings in 2011 indicated that São Paulo's PM killed six times more people than the Civil Police.
Change?
Any change to this structure would need a constitutional amendment. At least three Constitutional Amendment Proposals (PEC) related to demilitarization are being considered in the Brazilian Congress. The majority of them propose unifying the civil and military police.
According to legal experts, a constitutional amendment would have to be approved in two rounds by three-fifths of both the House and the Senate before moving on to be signed by the president.
Wilson Moraes, president of the Association of Chiefs and Soldiers PM from São Paulo, Brazil told the BBC that associations of PMs are favorable to the unification of the police -- among other things because it would allow for the political participation of the military in society and make it possible for them to receive overtime.
In 2012, the UN Council on Human Rights asked the Brazilian government to work towards abolishing the PM, as they have been accused of numerous extrajudicial killings and abuses. Other global organizations have also spoken out about the PM for their involvement in death squads. Last year, Amnesty International reported PM and Civil Police had been, "engaged in social cleansing, extortion, as well as in trafficking in arms and drugs," as well as in enforced disappearance. The US State Department's Country Reports on Human Rights have also recognized these abuses.
* This article originally appeared in Just the Facts. It is reprinted with permission. See original here
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